Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Founder States (1961)   Other Member States
Secretariat		Paris, France
Membership		34 states, 20 founder states (1961)
Leaders
-	Secretary General	José Ángel Gurría
Establishment
-	as the OEEC1	16 April 1948
-	reformed as the OECD	30 September 1961
Website www.oecd.org
1	Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an international economic organisation of 34 countries founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and co-ordinate domestic and international policies of its members.

The OECD originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), led by Robert Marjolin of France, to help administer the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. Later, its membership was extended to non-European states. In 1961, it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.

The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris, France.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Organisation for European Economic Co-operation 1.2 Foundation of the OECD 1.3 Enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe 1.4 Reform and further enlargement 2 Objectives and activities 2.1 Aim 2.2 International investments and multinational enterprises 2.3 PISA 2.4 Taxation 2.5 Publishing 2.5.1 Books 2.5.2 Statistics 2.5.3 Working papers 2.5.4 Reference works 3 Structure 3.1 Meetings 3.2 Secretariat 3.3 Secretaries-General 3.4 Committees 3.5 Special bodies 4 Member countries 4.1 Current members 4.2 Enlargement 4.3 Former members 5 Relations with non-members 6 Criticism 7 Indicators 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Video clips

[edit] History

[edit] Organisation for European Economic Co-operation

The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), was formed in 1948 to administer American and Canadian aid in the framework of the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.^[1] It started its operations on 16 April 1948. Since 1949, it has been headquartered in the Chateau de la Muette in Paris, France. After the Marshall Plan ended, the OEEC focused on economic questions.^[2]

In the 1950s the OEEC provided the framework for negotiations aimed at determining conditions for setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the European Economic Community of the six and the other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up under the OEEC.

[edit] Foundation of the OECD

Following the 1957 Rome Treaties to launch the European Economic Community, the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was drawn up to reform the OEEC. The Convention was signed in December 1960 and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961. It consisted of the European founder countries of the OEEC plus the United States and Canada, with Japan joining three years later. The official founding members are the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Belgium, the Dominion of Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Greece, the Republic of Iceland, the Republic of Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Portuguese Republic, Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Swiss Confederation, the Turkish Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. During the next 12 years Japan, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand also joined the organisation. Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation starting with the establishment of the OECD until its dissolution.^[3]

More than just increasing its internal structure, OECD progressively created agencies: the OECD Development Centre (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.

Unlike the organizations of the United Nations system, OECD uses the spelling organisation with an s in its name rather than organization (see -ise/-ize).

[edit] Enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe

In 1989, after the political changes in Central and Eastern Europe, the OECD started to assist these countries to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the Programme Partners in Transition was launched for the cooperation with Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland.^[3][4] This programme also included a membership option for these countries.^[4] As a result of this, in 1994–2000 Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia as well as Mexico and the Republic of Korea became members of the organisation.

[edit] Reform and further enlargement

In 2003, the OECD established a working group headed by Japan's Ambassador to the OECD Seiichiro Noboru to work out a strategy for the enlargement and co-operation with non-members. The working group proposed that the selection of candidate countries to be based on four criteria: like-mindedness, significant player, mutual benefit and global considerations. The working group's recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 and 14 May 2004. Based on these recommendations work, the meeting adopted an agreement on operationalisation of the proposed guidelines and on the drafting of a list of countries suitable as potential candidates for membership.^[3] As a result of this work, on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, the Russian Federation and Slovenia and to strengthen co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa through a process of enhanced engagement.^[5] On May 7, 2010, Chile became the organization's 31st member.^[6] On July 21, 2010, Slovenia became the 32nd member.^[7] On September 7, 2010, Israel became the 33rd member.^[8] On December 9, 2010, Estonia became the 34th member.

[edit] Objectives and activities

[edit] Aim

The OECD defines itself as a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a setting to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and co-ordinate domestic and international policies.^[9] Its mandate covers economic, environmental, and social issues. It acts by peer pressure to improve policy and implement soft law—non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties. In this work, the OECD cooperates with businesses, trade unions and other representatives of civil society. Collaboration at the OECD regarding taxation, for example, has fostered the growth of a global web of bilateral tax treaties.

The OECD promotes policies designed:

• to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy;
• to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as nonmember countries in the process of economic development; and
• to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations.

[edit] International investments and multinational enterprises

Between 1995 and 1998, the OECD designed the Multilateral Agreement on Investment, which was abandoned because of a widespread criticism from civil society groups and developing countries. In 1976, the OECD adopted the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises, which was rewritten and annexed by the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in 2000.

Among other areas, the OECD has taken a role in co-ordinating international action on corruption and bribery, creating the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, which came into effect in February 1999. It has been ratified by thirty-eight countries.^[10]

The OECD has also constituted an anti-spam task force, which submitted a detailed report, with several background papers on spam problems in developing countries, best practices for ISPs, e-mail marketers, etc., appended. It works on the information economy^[11] and the future of the Internet economy.^[12]

[edit] PISA

The OECD publishes the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which is an assessment that allows for a comparison of educational performances between countries.

[edit] Taxation

The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for bilateral negotiations regarding tax coordination and cooperation. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. In general, this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective as between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member countries), but can be very unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings).

Since 1998, the OECD has led a charge against harmful tax practices, principally targeting the activities of tax havens (while principally accepting the policies of its member countries, which would tend to encourage tax competition). These efforts have been met with mixed reaction: The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement.^[13] The OECD maintains a 'blacklist' of countries it considers uncooperative in the drive for transparency of tax affairs and the effective exchange of information, officially called The List of Uncooperative Tax Havens.^[14] In May 2009, all remaining countries were removed from the list.^[15]

On 22 October 2008, at an OECD meeting in Paris, 17 countries led by France and Germany decided to draw up a new blacklist of tax havens. The OECD has been asked to investigate around 40 new tax havens in the world where undeclared revenue is hidden and that host many of the non-regulated hedge funds that have come under fire during the 2008 financial crisis. Germany, France, and other countries called on the OECD to specifically add Switzerland to a blacklist of countries that encourage tax fraud.^[16]

[edit] Publishing

The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary.

The OECD Library & Archives collection dates from 1947, including records from the Committee for European Economic Co-operation (CEEC) and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), predecessors of today's OECD. External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment: www.oecd.org/libraryandarchives.

[edit] Books

The OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship titles include:

• The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries.
• The Main Economic Indicators, published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.
• The OECD Factbook, published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables and graphs. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via Statlinks.
• OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine with six issues a year. News, analysis, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges. Contains book reviews and special section listing the latest OECD books, plus ordering information.
• The OECD Communications Outlook and OECD Information Technology Outlook, which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.
• In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, the first book in the OECD Insights series. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration.

All OECD books are available on the iLibrary, the online bookshop or OECD Library & Archives.

[edit] Statistics

The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on a wide number of subjects.

OECD statistics are available in several forms:

• as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,
• as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
• as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).

[edit] Working papers

There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.

[edit] Reference works

The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a continuously updated document that is a de facto standard (i.e., soft law).

It has published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030, which shows that tackling the key environmental problems we face today—including climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and the health impacts of pollution—is both achievable and affordable.

[edit] Structure

The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:

• The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organization.
• The OECD Substantive Committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their variety of subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.
• The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Angel Gurria), provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organized in Directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.

[edit] Meetings

Delegates from the member countries attend committees' and other meetings. Former Deputy-Secretary General Pierre Vinde estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.^[17] This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations. In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration.

Noteworthy meetings include:

• The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.
• The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. This takes the form of conferences and discussions and is open to public participation.
• Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among Ministers of a given domain (ie. all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).
• The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.

[edit] Secretariat

Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information, analysis, and preparation of the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. Under the direction and guidance of member governments, it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation, and other areas.

The secretariat is organised in Directorates:

• Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development
• Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
• Development Co-operation Directorate
• Directorate for Education
• Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs
• Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
• Directorate for Science, Technology, and Industry
• Economics Department
• Environment Directorate
• Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate
• Statistics Directorate
• Trade and Agriculture Directorate
• General Secretariat
• Executive Directorate
• Public Affairs and Communication Directorate

The work of the secretariat is financed from the OECD's annual budget, currently^[when?] around US$510 million or €342.9 million). The budget is funded by the member countries based on a formula related to the size of each member's gross national product.^[18] The largest contributor is the United States, which contributes about one quarter of the budget, followed by Japan with 16%, Germany with 9% and the U.K. and France with 7%. The OECD governing council sets the budget and scope of work on a two-yearly basis.

As an international organisation the terms of employment of the OECD Secretariat staff are not governed by the laws of the country in which their offices are located. Agreements with the host country safeguard the organisation's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries. Hiring and firing practices, working hours and environment, holiday time, pension plans, health insurance and life insurance, salaries, expatriation benefits and general conditions of employment are managed according to rules and regulations associated with the OECD. In order to maintain working conditions that are similar to similarly structured organisations, the OECD participates as an independent organisation in the system of co-ordinated European organisations, whose other members include NATO, the Western European Union and the European Patent Organisation.

[edit] Secretaries-General

• 1948–1955: Robert Marjolin
• 1955–1960: René Sergent
• 1960–1969: Thorkil Kristensen
• 1969–1984: Emiel van Lennep
• 1984–1994: Jean-Claude Paye
• 1994: Staffan Sohlman (interim)
• 1994–1996: Jean-Claude Paye
• 1996–2006: Don Johnston
• 2006– : José Ángel Gurría

[edit] Committees

Representatives of the 34 OECD member countries and a number of observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.^[19]

[edit] Special bodies

• Africa Partnership Forum
• Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC)
• Development Assistance Committee
• OECD Development Centre
• International Transport Forum (ITF) – formally known as the European Conference of Ministers of Transport
• International Energy Agency
• Nuclear Energy Agency
• Partnership for Democratic Governance (PDG)
• Sahel and West Africa Club
• Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC)

[edit] Member countries

[edit] Current members

There are currently 34 members of the OECD.

Country	Membership[20]	Geographic location	Notes
Australia	01971-06-077 June 1971	Oceania
Austria	01961-09-2929 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Belgium	01961-09-1313 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Canada	01961-04-1010 April 1961	North America
Chile	02010-05-077 May 2010	South America
Czech Republic	01995-12-2121 December 1995	Europe
Denmark	01961-05-3030 May 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Estonia	02010-12-099 December 2010	Europe
Finland	01969-01-2828 January 1969	Europe
France	01961-08-077 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Germany	01961-09-2727 September 1961	Europe	Joined OEEC in 1949 (West Germany).[22] Previously represented by the Trizone.[21]
Greece	01961-09-2727 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Hungary	01996-05-077 May 1996	Europe
Iceland	01961-06-055 June 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Ireland	01961-08-1717 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Israel	02010-09-077 September 2010	Asia
Italy	01962-03-2929 March 1962	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Japan	01964-04-2828 April 1964	Asia
South Korea	01996-12-1212 December 1996	Asia
Luxembourg	01961-12-077 December 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Mexico	01994-05-1818 May 1994	North America
Netherlands	01961-11-1313 November 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
New Zealand	01973-05-2929 May 1973	Oceania
Norway	01961-07-044 July 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Poland	01996-11-2222 November 1996	Europe
Portugal	01961-08-044 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Slovakia	02000-12-1414 December 2000	Europe
Slovenia	02010-07-2121 July 2010	Europe
Spain	01961-08-033 August 1961	Europe	Joined OEEC in 1958.[23]
Sweden	01961-09-2828 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Switzerland	01961-09-2828 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
Turkey	01961-08-022 August 1961	Eurasia	OEEC member.[21]
United Kingdom	01961-05-022 May 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[21]
United States	01961-04-1212 April 1961	North America

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU Member States.^[24]

[edit] Enlargement

•  Cyprus: It applied for membership in 1995, but, according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey.^[25]
•  Latvia: In 1996, Latvia along with Estonia and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness of the three Baltic States to become full members of the OECD.^[26]
•  Lithuania: (See Latvia.)
•  Malta: In September 2005 the government of Malta applied to join the OECD as full member.^[27]
•  Russia: The OECD agreed to invite Russia to become a full member in May 2007.

[edit] Former members

•  Free Territory of Trieste (Zone A) (until 1954).^[21]

[edit] Relations with non-members

Currently, 25 non-members participate as regular observers or full participants in OECD Committees. About 50 non-members are engaged in OECD working parties, schemes or programmes. The OECD conducts a policy dialogue and capacity building activities with non-members (Country Programmes, Regional Approaches and Global Forums) to share their views on best policy practices and to bear on OECD's policy debate. The OECD's Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members develops and oversees the strategic orientations of the relations with non-members.

On 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with the Russian Federation.^[5] The OECD Ministerial Council of 2007 also decided to strengthen OECD's co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa, through a process of enhanced engagement.^[5]

The OECD explores the possibilities for enhanced co-operation with selected countries and regions of strategic interest to the OECD, giving priority to South East Asia with a view to identifying countries for possible membership.

[edit] Criticism

The OECD has been criticised by several civil society groups and developing countries. The main criticism has been the narrowness of the OECD because of its limited membership to a select few rich nations.^[28] In 1997–1998, the draft Multilateral Agreement on Investment was heavily criticized by several non-governmental organisations and developing countries. Many critics argued that the agreement would threaten protection of human rights, labor and environmental standards, and the least developed countries. A particular concern was that the MAI would result in a 'race to the bottom' among countries willing to lower their labor and environmental standards to attract foreign investment. Also the OECD's actions against harmful tax practices has raised criticism. The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement.^[13]

[edit] Indicators

Land areas, populations, economic indicators and various indexes of member states

Country	Area[29] (km²)	Population[30] 2010	GDP (PPP)[30] (millions, Intl. $) 2010	GDP (PPP) per capita[30] (Intl. $) 2010	HDI[31] 2011	FSI[32] 2011	CPI[33] 2011	IEF[34] 2011	GPI[35] 2011	WPFI[36] 2010	DI[37] 2010	Income inequality[38] late-2000s
Australia	7,741,220	000002234200022,342,000	00000916695.7916,695.7d	40,644d	0.929	28.1	8.8	82.5	1.455	5.38	9.22	0.336
Austria	83,871	00000083877428,387,742	00000335433.5335,433.5	39,991	0.885	27.3	7.8	71.9	1.337	0.50	8.49	0.261
Belgium	30,528	000001088305010,883,050e	00000409061.2409,061.2	37,587	0.886	34.1	7.5	70.2	1.413	4.00	8.05	0.259
Canada	9,984,670	000003410875034,108,750	00001329864.21,329,864.2	38,989	0.908	27.7	8.7	80.8	1.355	7.00	9.08	0.324
Chile	756,102	000001709428017,094,280	00000257460.9257,460.9	15,061	0.805	40.7	7.2	77.4	1.710	10.50	7.67	0.494
Czech Republic	78,867	000001051725010,517,250	00000273931.7273,931.7	26,046	0.865	42.4	4.4	70.4	1.320	7.50	8.19	0.256
Denmark	43,094	00000055438195,543,819	00000220433.3220,433.3	39,746	0.895	23.8	9.4	78.6	1.289	2.50	9.52	0.248
Estonia	45,228	00000013401601,340,160	00000027244.327,244.3	20,330	0.835	49.3	6.4	75.2	1.798	2.00	7.68	0.315
Finland	338,145	00000053633525,363,352	00000196583.5196,583.5	36,653	0.882	19.7	9.4	74.0	1.352	0.00	9.19	0.259
France	643,427	000006484759664,847,596e	00002194118.42,194,118.4	33,835	0.884	34.0	7.0	64.6	1.697	13.38	7.77	0.293
Germany	357,022	000008175752981,757,529e	00003044241.63,044,241.6	37,235	0.905	33.9	8.0	71.8	1.416	4.25	8.38	0.295
Greece	131,957	000001130505411,305,054e	00000314721.4314,721.4	27,839	0.861	47.4	3.4	60.3	1.947	19.00	7.92	0.307
Hungary	93,028	00000099999859,999,985	00000200461.7200,461.7	20,046	0.816	48.7	4.6	66.6	1.495	7.50	7.21	0.272
Iceland	103,000	0000000318006318,006	00000011075.611,075.6	34,828	0.898	30.1	8.3	68.2	1.148	0.00	9.65	0.301
Ireland	70,273	00000044707004,470,700	00000180411.0180,411.0	40,309	0.908	25.3	7.5	78.7	1.370	2.00	8.79	0.293
Israel	22,072	00000076191207,619,120	00000217764.2217,764.2	28,571	0.888	N/Aa	5.8	68.5	2.901	23.25	7.48	0.371
Italy	301,340	000006046854960,468,549e	00001908568.81,908,568.8	31,563	0.874	45.8	3.9	60.3	1.775	15.00	7.83	0.337
Japan	377,915	0000127382997127,382,997e	00004301851.24,301,851.2d	33,771d	0.901	31.0	8.0	72.8	1.287	2.50	8.08	0.329
Korea, South South Korea	99,720	000005051566050,515,660	00001417548.91,417,548.9	29,004	0.897	38.8	5.4	69.8	1.829	13.33	8.11	0.315
Luxembourg	2,586	0000000506400506,400e	00000043956.043,956.0	86,801	0.867	26.1	8.5	76.2	1.341c	4.00	8.88	0.288
Mexico	1,964,375	0000108396200108,396,200	00001644477.41,644,477.4d	15,186d	0.770	75.1	3.0	67.8	2.362	47.50	6.93	0.476
Netherlands	41,543	000001661216716,612,167e	00000701947.1701,947.1	42,255	0.910	28.3	8.9	74.7	1.628	0.00	8.99	0.294
New Zealand	267,710	00000043680004,368,000	00000130929.5130,929.5d	29,865d	0.908	24.8	9.5	82.3	1.279	1.50	9.26	0.330
Norway	323,802	00000048892524,889,252	00000276953.8276,953.8	56,648	0.943	20.4	9.0	70.3	1.356	0.00	9.80	0.250
Poland	312,685	000003818686038,186,860	00000755472.8755,472.8	19,784	0.813	46.8	5.5	64.1	1.545	8.88	7.05	0.305
Portugal	92,090	000001063746210,637,462e	00000272563.7272,563.7	25,623	0.809	32.3	6.1	64.0	1.453	12.36	8.02	0.353
Slovakia	49,035	00000054310245,431,024	00000127266.6127,266.6	23,442	0.834	47.1	4.0	69.5	1.576	11.50	7.35	0.257
Slovenia	20,273	00000020249122,024,912	00000055555.555,555.5	27,116	0.884	35.5	5.9	64.6	1.358	13.44	7.69	0.236
Spain	505,370	000004607283046,072,830	00001477839.61,477,839.6	32,076	0.878	43.1	6.2	70.2	1.641	12.25	8.16	0.317
Sweden	450,295	00000093790009,379,000	00000366059.8366,059.8	39,034	0.904	22.8	9.3	71.9	1.401	0.00	9.50	0.259
Switzerland	41,277	00000078222997,822,299	00000364506.9364,506.9	46,815	0.903	23.2	8.8	81.9	1.421	0.00	9.09	0.303
Turkey	783,562	000007284684072,846,840e	00001114629.51,114,629.5	15,301d	0.699	74.9	4.2	64.2	2.411	49.25	5.73	0.409
United Kingdom	243,610	000006134900061,349,000	00002233883.22,233,883.2	35,917	0.863	34.1	7.8	74.5	1.631	6.00	8.16	0.345
United States	9,826,675	0000309050800309,050,800	00014447100.014,447,100.0	46,588	0.910	34.8	7.1	77.8	2.063	6.75	8.18	0.378
OECDb	36,226,367	1,231,838,645	41,770,612.5	33,909	0.871	36.3	6.9	71.7	1.607	9.21	8.27	0.314

^a The FSI index supplies no figure for Israel, but rather supplies a figure (84.4) for Israel/West Bank.
^b OECD total used for indicators 1 through 3; OECD weighted average used for indicator 4; OECD unweighted average used for indicators 5 through 12.
^c Data are for 2010.
^d Estimate.
^e 2010 figure was not available and was obtained by dividing the GDP (PPP) by the GDP (PPP) per capita.
Note: The colors indicate the country's global position in the respective indicator. For example, a green cell indicates that the country is ranked in the upper 25% of the list (including all countries with available data). The World Factbook was used for indicators 1 through 4. Indicator 12 was not colored due to data unavailability in many countries and because of differences in Gini coefficient calculation between the OECD and other institutions.

	Highest fourth
	Upper-mid (2nd to 3rd quartile)
	Lower-mid (1st to 2nd quartile)
	Lowest fourth

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